stackoverflow jobs has a "remote" filter on their job search. Lots of high-quality positions there.

All of the remote teams that I've worked on have at least 50% of the team also working remote, so it tends to be a wash.

I've had 3 remote positions over the last 6 years, and all of them had realistic(-ish) programming challenges that I was evaluated on.

I started working remotely with a background similar to what you describe. Your best bet is to find or negotiate a local position that will allow you to be remote part-time, and then demonstrate that you are able to work effectively remotely. Then, over time, try to increase the amount of time spent working remotely. After a while, you'll hopefully be working remotely ~80% of the time. For me, that was good enough for a long time. If not, you can find a new (remote) job, and you'll be able to demonstrate a track record of working remotely, which is understandably very important to your prospective employer.