It's hard for a software project to make progress if the only way to reach users is non-rolling distros. To a large extent, the progress of software in non-rolling distros relies on enough other people using the intermediate versions from outside the distro repo, in rolling distros or on Mac/Windows.
FWIW, Debian unstable is stuck on rustc 1.14.0. You need experimental to, at the moment, get 1.15.1 (no 1.16 yet, but it's a tad early for that ; but in multiple occasions it took weeks to get new rustc releases into Debian).
Cargo in Debian, on the other hand, is stuck on 0.15.0... (current version for "stable rust" is 0.17.0) ; no newer version in experimental...
Personally I love this feature in a build tool. The Stack tool for Haskell does the same, which means I can use the newest version very easily, without depending on some volunteer's Ubuntu PPA (which may not exist).
Rust isn't in the Ubuntu distribution, either.
Stop rolling your own installer and use the distro programs. You are not a special snowflake.