The link you posted https://developer.apple.com/fonts offers to download and install .dmg -> .pkg. I usually install SF Mono via /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app/Contents/Resources/Fonts. This folder contains all SF Mono fonts in .otf format. If you open them and install, it vill be available everywhere. You can copy those files and install it on Windows or Linux computer.
FYI If you just want to change the 'monospace' font in Chrome, you can do that from chrome://settings/fonts and don't need an extension (I changed it from Courier New to something nicer as well).
The link you posted https://developer.apple.com/fonts offers to download and install .dmg -> .pkg. I usually install SF Mono via /Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app/Contents/Resources/Fonts. This folder contains all SF Mono fonts in .otf format. If you open them and install, it vill be available everywhere. You can copy those files and install it on Windows or Linux computer.
Also this extension is musthave: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/advanced-font-sett... I set SF Mono as default monospaced font for chrome. IDK why ugly Courier font is still default in many software.