ISO week numbers are used a lot in some industries here in Sweden. For example education, so everyone here has encountered them at some point in their lives.
As a Swede I'd say week numbers are pretty ubiquitous in Sweden, with perhaps the first exposure to using week numbers being primary school. I remember counting down to week 9 (spring break) and, I guess, all the other breaks too.
Aside from this though, I could never quite get the hang of week numbers and always just found them more confusing than using dates. When my friends say they're going on their summer holidays in weeks 30-32 or whatever it may be, I never know what that means. Is it July? June? August even? I have no idea, and I always have to ask for dates anyway, or look at a calendar, because I can't figure it out in my head.
I'm British, but have been working with Norwegian companies for many years, and while it took a while, week numbers now feel very natural.
For those in English locales, Outlook has an option to enable week numbers in calendar views, and mobile calendar apps have this option too (at least the ones I've used).