Trade agreements conditioned on acceptance and economic sanctions and embargos if not. It's an economic measure you want, you obviously can motivate them economically.

a) Ask them whether they want to participate in the scheme to ensure the actual emitters pay their fair share.

b) If they decline, allocate the emissions from these sources to the products the country exports and impose import duties that correspond to (or exceed) what the certificates would cost.

Your comment reflects a strange perspective, as if the community to which you're talking is only from a single place and somehow excludes Russia/Turkmenistan/US/whatever. That's not the case, HN is an international forum.

These laws need to be implemented in each country.

Russia and Turkmenistan are both run by a single strongman.

I suppose HN comments could influence Putin or Berdimuhamedow, but I feel safe assuming they do not.

This is already getting coverage in Russian media.

Your assumption that our politicians need a lot of influencing to care about this is probably wrong, especially since these leaks lead to financial losses.

I'd be more surprised if the US did something about it than Russia, to be honest.