There is a technique that might actually be able to do this called compressed sensing[1] that I first heard about it in a Wired article from several years ago[2]. The technique allows reconstructing images, music, etc. by sampling a portion of the original and applying an algorithm that reconstructs the missing information and is apparently used in MRI image processing to get by with shorter scans. Researchers from Rice University constructed a camera with only a single pixel image sensor that, using this technique, produced legible images with as little as a 2% sampling of the final image resolution, although more complex images required 10-20% or more[3]. I don't see why this technique couldn't be used to take already good quality images and "enhance" areas of them like in CSI.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_sensing [2] http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/02/ff_algorithm/ [3] http://dsp.rice.edu/cscamera