I like this idea but you're not thinking big enough. The public key must be transmitted from space to avoid giving first mover advantage to those sneaky penguins.
Penguins might get a leg up on the information, but they won't be able to reach New Your Stock Exchange before those who live right next to it, so it all evens out.
The only creatures who are disadvantaged by this scheme are polar bears and others living way north of the stock exchange - they also get their data late, but can't compensate by shorter distance to exchange.
This is SpaceX's killer app.